Chemical Interactions
type: channel
description: Chemical Interactions provides a comprehensive platform for chemists and interdisciplinary researchers to share innovative work that advances the understanding of chemical systems and interactions. The journal is committed to fostering scientific dialogue and publishing impactful research that reflects the evolving landscape of modern chemistry. ISSN 3050-2624 The journal welcomes both full research articles and review articles that contribute to the advancement of chemical sciences. Our scope encompasses, but is not limited to: Inorganic, Organic, and Physical Chemistry Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Materials Chemistry and Nanotechnology Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Biological Chemistry Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry Supramolecular and Green Chemistry Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Chemical Education and Industrial Applications Chemical Interactions particularly encourages submissions that explore the relationships, mechanisms, and dynamics of chemical processes, as well as studies that integrate experimental and computational approaches.
publisher: Chemical Interactions
language: en
publication name: Chemical Interactions
issn: 3050-2624
items: Review: Study of Physiochemical diagnosis of nanoparticles
items: Spectrophotometric Analysis for Sulfamethoxazole Estimation Employing Potassium Permanganate as an Oxidant: A Study Exploring the Impact of Experimental Variables Using Design of Experiments and ANOVA
items: Folate-Conjugated EGCG-Capped Gold Nanoparticles for Receptor-Targeted Delivery to MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: Green Synthesis, Characterization and Selective Cytotoxicity
items: Ag/ZnO/Plant Extract Green Nanocomposite: A Review on Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Adsorption and Photocatalytic Potentials
items: Benzimidazole Metal Complexes (Zn/Cu/Co): Ligand Protonation, Stability Constants, and Antimicrobial Performance
items: Cross-linked HPMC-co-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel as a High-Capacity Adsorbent for Basic Red 9 Removal: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Mechanistic Insights
items: Review: Recent Methods for Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives and Biological Activity
items: Electrochemical Deposition of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for High-Performance Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ( DSSCs) Applications
items: Interleukin-39 as a Potential Biomarker of Diabetic Neuropathy: A Case–Control Study with ROC Curve Analysis
items: Serum Interleukin-39 as an Emerging Inflammatory Biomarker in Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from ROC Curve Analysis
items: Correlation between Lung cancer and Serum Copper, Chromium and Zinc Levels in Najaf City, Iraq
items: Impact of Environmental Factors (pH, Temperature, and Aeration) on the Efficiency of Phyto-Adsorption for Wastewater Treatment
items: Preparation, classification and importance of Schiff bases and their complexes/ Review
items: Evaluation Of Propolis Extract As A Natural Antimicrobial Agent Against Escherichia Coli
items: An overview of imidazole moieties and their derivatives synthesis and biological activity
items: Evaluating the Influence of Ionized Calcium Levels on Ovarian Reserve in Women Experiencing Infertility
items: Estimating Natural Radioactivity Levels for Some Imported Tea Samples Available in Iraqi Markets
items: QTAIM View of Pd…Pd Binding in Complex [Pd2(m-Cl) (m-P) (m-N) (m-O)]
items: Theoretical Study on chemical reactivity of Giemsa Stain by using DFT method
items: Synthesis of Chromium VI Complexes 2,2-Bipyridine-5,5-Dicarboxylic Acid
items: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of Azomethine Compounds Derived from Sulfa Drugs
items: Enhanced Adsorption of Malachite Green Using Chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylic acid)/MWCNTs Hydrogel Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization and Kinetic Studies
items: Adsorption of Dyes using Hydrogel Based Composites and Nanocomposites: Mini Review
items: A Study Examining the Relationship between Certain Blood Types that Have a Higher Likelihood of Developing Hypertension
items: The effect of lead on humans and the diseases it causes
items: Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Capacity in Ethanolic and Aqueous Infusions of Cloves
items: The Efficiency of Aluminum Alloy in Hydrogen Production
items: Study of Diels-Alder Reactions between Furan and Diene Using Density Functional Theory
items: A Narrative Review on Environmental Chemistry
items: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Imidazole-Based Selone Complexes

Review: Study of Physiochemical diagnosis of nanoparticles
type: item
description: The characterization or diagnosis of nanoparticles is a specialized area within nanometry. This field focuses on measuring and analysing the physical and chemical properties of molecules, particularly nanoparticles, which are designed based on their unique attributes. Unlike traditional chemicals, nanoparticles cannot be fully described solely by their chemical composition and concentration. They exhibit distinct physical properties, such as size, shape, surface characteristics, crystallinity, and dispersion state, which play a crucial role in defining their overall behaviour and functionality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hiba Hussein Fadhil Mahdi
creator: Lamis Faaz Nassir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-13
publication date: 2024-05-13
starting page: 56
ending page: 64
doi: 10.64354/zhcxdp46

Spectrophotometric Analysis for Sulfamethoxazole Estimation Employing Potassium Permanganate as an Oxidant: A Study Exploring the Impact of Experimental Variables Using Design of Experiments and ANOVA
type: item
description: A selective and rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of sulfamethoxazole was developed based on its oxidation with potassium permanganate in acidic medium. The effect of various crucial experimental parameters such as oxidant concentration, acid concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time were examined. A 2³ full factorial design was employed to evaluate the individual effects of these factors as well as their interactions on the absorbance of the oxidation product. The maximum absorbance, the optimum temperature, and the optimal reaction time were determined, and ANOVA-based statistical analysis was performed to assess the significance of the studied variables. The developed procedure can be effectively applied for the quantitative determination of sulfamethoxazole in bulk drug, pharmaceutical formulations, and environmental water samples. The proposed method is simple, sensitive, precise, economical, and time-saving, and is suitable for routine analysis of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical and environmental samples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sulfamethoxazole
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinetic spectrophotometry
  topic: keywords
subject: Oxidation
  topic: keywords
subject: Potassium permanganate
  topic: keywords
subject: ANOVA
  topic: keywords
creator: Zainab Alreada
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-05-06
publication date: 2025-05-06
starting page: 31
ending page: 38
doi: 10.64354/mkghn626

Folate-Conjugated EGCG-Capped Gold Nanoparticles for Receptor-Targeted Delivery to MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: Green Synthesis, Characterization and Selective Cytotoxicity
type: item
description: Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, and despite the progress made in conventional chemotherapy, the lack of selectivity between malignant and normal cells continues to limit therapeutic outcomes. In the present study, a folic acid-conjugated, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-capped gold nanoparticle system (FA-EGCG-AuNPs) was developed and evaluated as a targeted delivery platform against folate receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The nanoparticles were prepared through a one-pot green synthesis in which EGCG served simultaneously as reducing and capping agent, a short cysteamine spacer was anchored to the gold core through Au–S chemistry to display surface primary amines, and folic acid was then coupled via EDC/NHS-mediated amide bond formation. Successful formation was confirmed by a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak around 538 nm, while transmission electron microscopy revealed mostly spherical particles in the range of 14–28 nm. FTIR, XRD and zeta potential measurements supported the conjugation of EGCG and folic acid on the gold core. Surface FR-α expression was independently verified in all cell lines by Western blot and flow cytometry to ensure that uptake differences reflected genuine receptor density. The folate-functionalized nanoparticles displayed markedly higher cellular internalization in MCF-7 cells than their non-targeted counterparts, and the MTT assay produced an IC₅₀ of 12.4 µg/mL after 48 h of treatment, which was approximately 4-fold lower than that of free EGCG. Importantly, FA-EGCG-AuNPs were considerably less toxic to the non-cancerous HEK-293 line and to the tissue-matched non-malignant mammary line MCF-10A, giving renal- and mammary-tissue selectivity indices both above 4.5. Mechanistic studies indicated mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis driven by elevated ROS, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, caspase-3 activation, and arrest at the G2/M phase. Ta…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Epigallocatechin gallate
  topic: keywords
subject: Gold nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Folic acid conjugation
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: MCF-7 breast cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Green synthesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Folate receptor
  topic: keywords
subject: Apoptosis
  topic: keywords
creator: ali jameel
creator: Ameer Salam Hasan
creator: Bahaulddin jafar seger
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-06
publication date: 2024-05-06
starting page: 39
ending page: 48
doi: 10.64354/xgej2c21

Ag/ZnO/Plant Extract Green Nanocomposite: A Review on Its Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Adsorption and Photocatalytic Potentials
type: item
description: Hybrid nanomaterials made of noble-metal nanoparticles, semiconducting metal oxides, and bioactive plant extracts are gaining popularity as sustainable multifunctional materials. Silver nanoparticles have a strong antimicrobial action and a localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) that extends light absorption into the visible region, ZnO has a wide-band-gap semiconductor with intrinsic antibacterial and photocatalytic activity, and the plant extract often acts as a reducing and capping agent. This review summarises the published literature on this composite with a focus on four functions: antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antioxidant activity mostly determined by DPPH and ABTS assays, dye and heavy-metal adsorption from aqueous solutions, and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under UV and visible light. The most popular synthesis processes-one-pot bio-mediated assembly, sequential green precipitation and post-impregnation are summarised and their effect on morphology, crystallinity and band gap is explored. Reported figures demonstrate clear synergistic enhancement compared with single-component or binary systems. In particular, under visible-light irradiation, the Ag-ZnO Schottky junction minimises electron-hole recombination. We also discuss practical prospects and limitations for future study, including Ag leaching, variability of plant extracts, long-term stability, and potential cytotoxicity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Silver nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Zinc oxide
  topic: keywords
subject: Plant extract
  topic: keywords
subject: Antibacterial
  topic: keywords
subject: Green synthesis
  topic: keywords
creator: nagham abood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2024-05-06
publication date: 2024-05-06
starting page: 49
ending page: 55
doi: 10.64354/yc8tj665

Benzimidazole Metal Complexes (Zn/Cu/Co): Ligand Protonation, Stability Constants, and Antimicrobial Performance
type: item
description: Coordination chemistry has concentrated on benzimidazole derivatives due to their various binding and biological characteristics. Benzimidazole-based ligands are coordinated with zinc(II), copper(II), and cobalt(II) metal ions in this work. We study thermodynamic stability constants, ligand protonation equilibria, and antibacterial activity. The imidazole ring's nitrogen atoms are donor sites, allowing stable metal complexes to form in many coordination geometries. Protonation experiments have indicated that substituent effects and the electronic nature of attached functional groups affect the basicity of benzimidazole nitrogen atoms. According to the Irving-Williams series, copper(II) complexes are the most stable, followed by zinc(II) and cobalt(II) derivatives. Potentiometric titration methods were used to estimate stability constants. The antibacterial properties of these metal complexes have been extensively tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and numerous fungus species. It appears that metal coordination improves the biological activity of benzimidazole ligands, with copper(II) complexes generally outperforming others. This review synthesises the results of many studies from the last decade to help researchers comprehend the structure-activity correlations in this important class of bioactive metal complexes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Benzimidazole
  topic: keywords
subject: Metal complexes
  topic: keywords
subject: Stability constants
  topic: keywords
subject: Protonation
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial activity
  topic: keywords
subject: Coordination chemistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Maysson Hussin Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-19
publication date: 2026-04-19
doi: 10.64354/6fsxr420

Cross-linked HPMC-co-Acrylic Acid Hydrogel as a High-Capacity Adsorbent for Basic Red 9 Removal: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Mechanistic Insights
type: item
description: This study investigated a cross-linked hydrogel composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose grafted with acrylic acid (HPMC-co-AA) for the removal of Basic Red 9 (BR9) dye from water. The hydrogel was made via free radical polymerization with potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a nitrogen cross-linker FTIR, XRD, and FESEM characterized the substance. FTIR spectra showed acrylic acid grafting onto HPMC chains, whereas XRD patterns showed the hydrogel's semi-crystalline structure. FESEM micrographs displayed holes that absorbed dye. Batch adsorption tests looked at how pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dose affected how well the dye was removed. Adsorption was highest at pH 8.0 and reached equilibrium in 90 minutes. A pseudo-second-order model well characterized the kinetic data, indicating that chemisorption was the predominant process. The best Langmuir isotherm model showed that monolayer adsorption has a capacity of 142.86 mg/g. The results indicate that the HPMC-co-AA hydrogel may effectively absorb dye-contaminated wastewater in a cost-efficient manner.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nawras Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-19
publication date: 2026-04-19
doi: 10.64354/qptfkk37

Review: Recent Methods for Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives and Biological Activity
type: item
description: Coumarin (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) is a naturally found plant compound that exhibits a diverse of pharmacological activities. These exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiadipogenic, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antihypertensive, anticancer, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and neuro-preservative effects. Benzopyrone derivatives are ubiquitous in the human diet, as they occur in manifold foods notably vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts, coffee, tea, and wine. Owing to their comparatively low toxicity, low cost, natural presence in foods, and integration in many herbal medicines, coumarins have attracted substantial scientific interest. Accordingly, in depth exploration of their biological properties and potential applications is imperative.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: coumarins, biological activity.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hawraa Mohammed Sadiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-04-20
publication date: 2026-04-20
doi: 10.64354/1zt4f996

Electrochemical Deposition of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for High-Performance Dye Sensitized Solar Cells ( DSSCs) Applications
type: item
description: The electrochemical production of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and their use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are described in this work. Using graphite as the cathode and copper foil as the anode, CuO NPs were created via electrochemical deposition under carefully regulated voltage and current conditions. The obtained CuO NPs' monoclinic phase, nanosheet-like morphology, and high purity were confirmed by structural and morphological characterizations carried out using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The nanoparticles were then used as photoanodes in methyl orange dye-sensitized DSSCs. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.593 V, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 3.43 mA, and the fill factor (FF) of 49.4%, which correspond to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.67%, were obtained from current–voltage (I–V) measurements used to assess photovoltaic performance. The improved performance is ascribed to CuO NPs' advantageous optical and electrical characteristics, quick electron injection, and effective dye adsorption. These results show that CuO NPs produced electrochemically are viable and affordable options for DSSC applications, and they also help to develop sustainable photovoltaic technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mansour Bayati
creator: Duaa Abdulzahraa Al-Rammahi
creator: Elaf sabeeh jawad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.49

Interleukin-39 as a Potential Biomarker of Diabetic Neuropathy: A Case–Control Study with ROC Curve Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Diabetic neuropathy is considered the most common prevalent microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, manifested by progressive nerve destruction resulting from metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms. The role of IL-39 as a novel pro-inflammatory mediator in diabetic neuropathy has not been clarified yet. Objective: To assess serum levels of IL-39 and evaluate its clinical diagnostic performance in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: This case-control study recruited patients with diabetic neuropathy and healthy controls. Metabolic, glycemic, lipid, and insulin resistance parameters were assessed. Diagnostic accuracy assessed by serum levels of IL-39 measuring and ROC curve analysis was conducted. Results: High IL-39 levels of significance were recorded in diabetic neuropathy patients compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). The result of ROC curve analysis shows high diagnostic accuracy, indicating strong discriminatory ability
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: IL-39
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetic Neuropathy
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasan R. Hamood
creator: Hanan R. Hamoud
creator: Fatima Ghazi Talab Al-Tamimi
creator: Hanaa Addai Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-12
publication date: 2026-02-12
doi: 10.64354/n44khb87

Serum Interleukin-39 as an Emerging Inflammatory Biomarker in Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from ROC Curve Analysis
type: item
description: Background: Diabetes mellitus is related to chronic low-level inflammation that leads to metabolic perturbations. Interleukin (IL)-39 is a novel cytokine, but its involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammation and diabetes has yet to be clarified. Objective: To measure serum IL-39 level and evaluate the diagnostic value of IL-39 in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: It was a case–control study with diabetic patients and controls. Anthropometric, glycemic, lipid, and insulin resistance measurements were determined. Serum IL-39 was quantified, and the diagnostic accuracy was determined on the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: The levels of serum IL-39 were higher in the diabetic patients than those in healthy controls (P < 0.001). The detection performance of IL-39 in the diagnosis of diabetic patients was well evaluated by ROC curve analysis with a large area under the curve. Circulating IL-39 was positively correlated with markers of glycemic disturbance and insulin resistance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: IL-39
  topic: keywords
subject: T2DM
  topic: keywords
subject: Diabetes mellitus
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasan R. Hamood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-04
publication date: 2026-02-04
doi: 10.64354/4nx8w333

Correlation between Lung cancer and Serum Copper, Chromium and Zinc Levels in Najaf City, Iraq
type: item
description: Through the study, which included 30 samples of blood serum from cancer patients' lungs as well as 25 samples of healthy blood serum from both males and females, the concentrations of copper, chromium, and zinc were examined in parts per billion units, with the marginal concentrations for healthy males and females being high. This study supports the idea that exposure to copper, chromium, and zinc raises the risk of lung cancer. These discoveries have the potential to expedite lung cancer identification and therapy. To ascertain whether heavy metals play a part in the development of lung cancer, more investigations and studies including more samples are required
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mohammed Q. Almayali
creator: Wael Sahib Alnweny
creator: Hussein A. Ali Salman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
starting page: 64
ending page: 67
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.54

Impact of Environmental Factors (pH, Temperature, and Aeration) on the Efficiency of Phyto-Adsorption for Wastewater Treatment
type: item
description: Phyto-adsorption still is some lack of understanding in how environmental conditions affect treatment efficiency. Phyto-adsorption has been proposed as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional wastewater approaches; however, these have not gained widespread use due to lack of full-understanding between environmental parameters and process efficiency. This paper systematically explored the influence of pH, temperature and aeration on phyto-adsorption performance according to fitted computational model of modified Langmuir isotherms with empirical environmental correction factors. We used a full simulation framework to test 525 combinations of parameters within a pH range of 7.0–9.0, temperature (20–40°C), and range of aeration rates at 1.0 –3.0 L/min; Depend on the adsorption result, it could be found that the maximum and minimum adsorption capacity was 0.1438 mg/g under optimal conditionand 0.0476 kg/mg respectively (202% of linear dynamic range). The greatest single factor was temperature (87.7%), followed by aeration (36.7%) and pH (19.0%). It discovered large synergistic effects, i.e. performance gains of joint optimization were much higher than the sum of individual parameter improvements. Sensitivity of temperature as the most salient condition for the enhancement of adsorption capacity was revealed in sensitivity analysis, and aeration arose as an explicative factor to operate the system tuning on-line. The model results agreed very well with experimental data available in the literature and demonstrated consistent linear behaviour at all operating ranges. These results are of great significance for rational construction and optimization of phyto-adsorption systems, reflecting that efficiency improvement would be considerable if the environmental process could be controlled deliberately. The findings highlight the requirement of multiparameter optimization strategies rather than single factor modifications to take full advantage…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phyto-adsorption, wastewater treatment, Langmuir isotherm, environmental factors, adsorption efficiency, pH optimization
  topic: keywords
creator: Zinah Areef
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-13
publication date: 2025-11-13
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.53

Preparation, classification and importance of Schiff bases and their complexes/ Review
type: item
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Suhad R. Kareem
creator: Alaa Abbas Ibadia
creator: Hala Sabry alatbi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-24
publication date: 2025-10-24
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.50

Evaluation Of Propolis Extract As A Natural Antimicrobial Agent Against Escherichia Coli
type: item
description: Propolis extract's antibacterial efficacy against bacterial isolates taken from enteritis patients was assessed in this study, with an emphasis on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. The Vitek-2 compact system, morphological, biochemical, and culture techniques were used to identify Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from a total of 30 clinical samples. E. Coli accounted for 30% of all Gram-negative pathogens, with Klebssiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis following closely after. High rates of resistance to various widely used antibiotics, such as erythromycin, doxycycline, colistin, and piperacillin, were found in E. coli isolates by antibiotic susceptibility testing; nevertheless, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime continued to exhibit notable action. Using the disc diffusion method, propolis extract was produced in varying quantities and tested against isolates of MDR E. coli. The findings showed that propolis had a definite dose-dependent inhibitory effect, with certain isolates exhibiting inhibition zones that were on par with or greater than those of ciprofloxacin. At 100 mg/ml, the greatest action was seen, resulting in inhibition diameters of up to 26 mm. These results suggest that propolis has promising antibacterial properties and could be used as a supplemental or natural medicinal treatment to combat enteritis-causing bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mansour ali
creator: Kahlaa Mohammed Abbas
creator: Lamyaa Kadhim Abdulridhaa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-18
publication date: 2025-10-18
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.51

An overview of imidazole moieties and their derivatives synthesis and biological activity
type: item
description: Planar and composed of five heterocyclic parts, imidazole consists of two N and three C atoms. Positions one and three of ring N are accessible. Imidazole rings are present in several significant common compounds, like histidine, purine, histamine, and nucleic acid. Being an ionizable, polar, and aromatic material, it enhances the lead particles' pharmacokinetic burn properties. In this way, it is utilized as a solution for upgrading the dissolvability and bioavailability boundaries of proposed inadequately solvent lead particles. Imidazole subsidiaries have involved an exceptional spot in the field of restorative science. The joining of the imidazole core is a significant manufactured system in drug revelation. Numerous new chemotherapeutic specialists have been motivated to join the restorative scientific community due to the imidazole-related medications' excellent usefulness. Imidazole drug has widened the scope in rem eddying diverse, attitudes in clinical prescriptions. Various strategies for the amalgamation of imidazole and furthermore their different construction responses offer huge extensions in the field of restorative science. The scientific and organic activities of imidazole from previous years will be examined in this research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mohammed Q. Almayali
creator: Hanaa Khazal Abdulghareeb Taha
creator: , Basim F. Aldhalemy
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-26
publication date: 2025-09-26
starting page: 32
ending page: 44
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.48

Evaluating the Influence of Ionized Calcium Levels on Ovarian Reserve in Women Experiencing Infertility
type: item
description: This study investigates the relationship between serum ionized calcium levels and Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in women facing infertility. Conducted with 45 pre-infertility females aged 20-35 from AL-Saader Medical City, the research compares these levels to a control group of healthy volunteers. The findings indicate that the infertility group exhibited significantly lower mean serum ionized calcium levels (4.25 ± 0.72 mg/dl) compared to the control group (5.33 ± 0.31 mg/dl), alongside higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and lower AMH concentrations (2.35 ± 1.57 ng/dl vs. 4.53 ± 0.95 ng/dl). The study highlights a critical association between calcium equilibrium and reproductive capacity, suggesting that adequate ionized calcium levels are essential for ovarian function and may serve as a predictive marker for ovarian reserve. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms of calcium's role in fertility, potentially guiding interventions for women experiencing infertility.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ovarian Reserve
  topic: keywords
subject: Ionized Calcium Levels
  topic: keywords
subject: biochemistry
  topic: subjects
creator: Zahraa Hamza Hamza
creator: Duaa Abdulzahraa Al-Rammahi
creator: Zahraa Jalil
creator: Hawraa Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-08-16
publication date: 2025-08-16
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.46

Estimating Natural Radioactivity Levels for Some Imported Tea Samples Available in Iraqi Markets
type: item
description: In this investigation, the specific activity concentrations of the radioactive nuclides Uranium- 238, Thorium- 232, and Potassium- 40 were measured in 15 commercial tea samples available in Iraqi markets using a gamma-ray spectrometry system. The 238U, 232Th, and 40k average specific activities from the samples, respectively, were 9.48±1.36, 2.91±0.45, and 597.78±14.90. The results of the health risk parameters: Radium equivalent, Internal hazard index, Annual Effective Dose, and Excess life time cancer risk, respectively, were found to be lower than the acceptable UNSCEAR permissible values. Therefore, the investigated tea samples have no health risks when used by Iraqi customers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: radioactive nuclides, specific activity, health risks, tea, Iraqi markets
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruaa R.Muneam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 26
ending page: 31
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.44

QTAIM View of Pd…Pd Binding in Complex [Pd2(m-Cl) (m-P) (m-N) (m-O)]
type: item
description: The bonding in the Palladium tetra-bridge complex [Pd2(m-Cl) (m-P) (m-N) (m-O)] was investigated using "Atoms in Molecules theory (AIM)". The calculated topological parameters for M-M and M-L interactions, including ρ(b), ∇2ρ(b), G(b), H(b), V(b), and ε(b), as well as the delocalization indices δ(A, B), agree with previous results for organometallic compounds. The Pd1-O1, Pd-P, Pd-Cl, Pd-N and Pd2-O1 core component has a multicenter 3C-8e interaction. The bond critical point and bond bath vanish when four atoms are coordinated to the Pd atom. However, a non-zero delocalization index was computed for this bonding interaction. The estimated topological features for the Pd1-N, Pd1-Cl and Pd1-P bonds confirm that these interactions have a pure bond character. Delocalization indices for the Pd1-N, Pd1-Cl and Pd1-P bonds range in magnitude from 0.127 to 0.301, showing that each pair of linked atoms shares 0.3 to 0.1 electron pairs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Noorhan Ali Hamza
creator: Haider Ali Hamza
creator: Nahlah Jaber Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-24
publication date: 2025-06-24
starting page: 11
ending page: 18
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.43

Theoretical Study on chemical reactivity of Giemsa Stain by using DFT method
type: item
description: Abstract Structural properties for the Giemsa stain have been calculated using the density functional theory (B3LYP/(6-31G) included in the Gaussian 09 software which depends on quantum mechanics applications to conduct the theoretical calculation necessary for this study. Chemical activity and influence of Giemsa stain have been calculated through the calculation of the total energy, Gibbs free energy, entropy, standard heat of formation, dipole moment, Millikan’s atomic charge, bonds lengths, angles and bents, highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital in order to identify the initiation of cracking in the molecule of the stain. This study indicates that Millikan’s atomic charge is divided into two main areas: the positive charge of the electron density is centralized on the hydrogen atoms, while the negative charge of the electron density is centralized on nitrogen and sulfur. The atomic charge of Giemsa stain is distributed on different atoms, since the nitrogen atoms carry negative charge (N21، N30) equal to -0,474 and 0,706 coulomb, subsequently. It has also been clear from the calculation occupied molecular orbital energy which equals to (-0.27217 eV) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy which equals to (-0.22435 eV), since the bandgap equals to 0.04782 eV. This study shows that bonds in C2-H14 and N30-H32 are most probably to interact (weakest bonds) out of the other twenty three bonds in Giemsa stain with a high probability of entering the division prophase in dissociation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Chemical Activity,Quantum Calculation Methods,Theoretical Chemistry
  topic: keywords
creator: Hiba Al-jburii
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-06-27
publication date: 2025-06-27
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.39

Synthesis of Chromium VI Complexes 2,2-Bipyridine-5,5-Dicarboxylic Acid
type: item
description: In this study, a new multidentate ligand based on the 2,2’-bipyridine derivatives incorporating diamide functional groups were synthesized and their corresponding transition metal complexes with Chromium(VI), were prepared. The lihgand were synthesized by oxidizing of the precursor compound of 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine to the acid derivatives which was subsequently converted into the acidchloride derivatives with thionyl chloride, then following treatment with the amines, picolinamide or piperidine 2 carboxamide afforded the diamide-functionalised ligand L1, respectively. The structure of the ligand and the transition metal complex was confirmed by elemental analysis, NMR, FTIR, and mass techniques.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hasan Salim Buktash
creator: Furqan K. K. AL-Fatlawi
creator: Hussein Abbas Khursheed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-26
publication date: 2025-04-26
starting page: 7
ending page: 10
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.37

Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Studies of Azomethine Compounds Derived from Sulfa Drugs
type: item
description: Schiff bases compounds (Sb1–Sb3) were created by the condensation reaction of ortho vanillin and sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, and sulfisoxazole). The structures of the synthesized azomethine compounds were determined by their spectral data (FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR). The compounds' antimicrobial activity was evaluated in vitro against bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klepsilia pneumonia) and fungi (Candida glabrata, Candida albicane, and Aspergillus niger) using the agar diffusion method to determine their inhibiting potential. Additionally, the antioxidant efficiency of the compounds was determined using the β-carotene assay. The findings indicated that the fungus isolates were more susceptible to the compounds than the bacterial isolates, and that the produced compounds exhibited notable antibacterial action. Sb1 showed a stronger reduction of lipid peroxidation (26%) in comparison to the reference compound butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), which showed antioxidant activity with lipid peroxidation inhibition (62%). Although more in vivo research is required to determine the safety and effectiveness of these imines, the findings of this investigation indicate that they may have therapeutic promise.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hala Sabry Al-Atbi
creator: Bushra K Al-Salamia
creator: Iqbal J Al-Assadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-04-23
publication date: 2025-04-23
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.34

Enhanced Adsorption of Malachite Green Using Chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylic acid)/MWCNTs Hydrogel Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization and Kinetic Studies
type: item
description: This study investigates the synthesis and application of a chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylic acid)/carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes hydrogel nanocomposite (CS-g-p(AA)/MWCNTs-COOH) for the removal of Malachite Green (MG) dye from aqueous solutions. The nanocomposite was synthesized via free-radical copolymerization and characterized using FTIR and FESEM, confirming successful grafting and carbon nanotube incorporation. Adsorption studies revealed that equilibrium was achieved within 40 minutes, with the process following pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² = 1.0000), suggesting chemisorption as the rate-limiting step. The effect of various parameters including contact time, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration was systematically investigated. FTIR analysis before and after adsorption demonstrated significant spectral changes, indicating strong interactions between the dye and the composite through multiple mechanisms including electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking. FESEM images further confirmed successful adsorption, showing dye molecule aggregates on the composite surface with reduced porosity. This eco-friendly nanocomposite demonstrates significant potential for efficient removal of synthetic dyes from industrial effluents.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ali Fahem Getran Khazaali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-03-18
publication date: 2025-03-18
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.27

Adsorption of Dyes using Hydrogel Based Composites and Nanocomposites: Mini Review
type: item
description: Dye pollution poses a significant environmental threat due to toxicity and non-biodegradability of dyes. Efficient removal of dyes from wastewater is crucial and it needs considerable attention for the purpose of protecting both environment and all life forms on it. Adsorption has emerged as a promising technique, and hydrogel-based materials have garnered considerable attention as potential adsorbents. Hydrogels, with their inherent properties as high surface area, biocompatibility, and tunable characteristics, exhibit excellent potential for dye removal. Incorporating different nanoparticles, carbon, or natural polymers to hydrogel results in improving the adsorption capabilities, stability and effectiveness of these materials for dyes removal. Hydrogel-based composites offer several advantages, including ease of handling, reusability, and processability. Moreover, they can be engineered for enhanced dye removal, enabling the development of regenerative systems. This review comprehensively examines hydrogel-based adsorbents synthesis, structural characteristics, adsorption mechanisms, and performance in removing various dye types.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Amna N. Zghair
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Chemical Interactions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-03-15
publication date: 2025-03-15
starting page: 6
ending page: 14
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.26

A Study Examining the Relationship between Certain Blood Types that Have a Higher Likelihood of Developing Hypertension
type: item
description: Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally, and their incidence is rapidly rising in developing nations. Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels, which is influenced by the resistance of these vessels and the workload of the heart. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular conditions such as stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and aneurysms. Blood groups categorize blood based on the presence or absence of inherited substances on red blood cell surfaces. ABO blood types have been linked to various health issues, including diabetes, migraines, stomach ulcers, hypercholesterolemia, and especially cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to explore the relationship between ABO blood groups and blood pressure among the young population at the University of Karbala. The project indicates that there is a connection between blood type and hypertension. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in the Biochemistry laboratory of biology University of Karbala department to investigate the relationship between blood groups and blood pressure among university students. Blood samples were collected from 150 healthy young students, consisting of 72 males and 78 females. The ABO blood group was identified using commercially available antisera, and blood pressure measurements were taken using a digital blood pressure monitor. Results: The findings indicated that blood group O was the most common, followed by groups B, A, and AB, with the distribution of ABO blood groups being O 59 (39.33%) > B 55 (36.67%) > A 25 (16.67%) > AB 11 (7.33%). Additionally, male students exhibited higher blood pressure than female students. Individuals with blood group O are at a greater risk of heart diseases compared to those with blood groups A, B, and AB. Conclusions: Consequently, individuals with type O blood should be advised to steer clear of fatty foods, engage in regular physical activity, and a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Saly Naser Abbas
creator: Maha Jassim Manshad
creator: Alaa Hussain
creator: Bassma Maytham Oleiw
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-02-13
publication date: 2025-02-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.24

The effect of lead on humans and the diseases it causes
type: item
description: Lead is a gray-colored metal found in small quantities on the Earth's surface. It exists in various parts of the environment that surrounds us and can result from human activities such as burning fuel, mining, and industrial processes. Lead is used in the production of batteries, ammunition, welding materials, metal products, pipes, and devices used for X-ray shielding. Over the years, the use of lead has significantly declined due to health concerns, particularly its application in industries like paint and ceramic production. Lead can affect the human body when inhaled or ingested. Prolonged exposure affects the nervous system in both adults and children, leading to reduced neurological function, weakness in the fingers, wrists, and ankles, high blood pressure, and anemia. Exposure to high levels of lead can cause severe kidney damage in both adults and children and may even result in death. For pregnant women, high lead exposure increases the risk of miscarriage.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zainab Abas Abdul-Zahra
creator: Ala'a H. Hussain
creator: Nahlah Jaber Hussein
creator: Mayes ahmed Kadhim
creator: Fatimah Abdul Razzak Mageed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-12-13
publication date: 2024-12-13
doi: 10.64354/ofon.ci.2.1.17

Spectrophotometric Determination of Antioxidant Capacity in Ethanolic and Aqueous Infusions of Cloves
type: item
description: The fragrant flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, a tree in the Myrtaceae family, are known as cloves and have various biological uses. This study's goal was to thoroughly explain the antioxidant capacity of Syzygium aromaticum from various clove infusion solutions, including their aqueous and ethanol solvents, using the following methods: total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), copper (II) reducing antioxidant power in the presence of neocuproine (NC), 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline reagent in acetate buffer at pH 7 (CUPPRIC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). For these uses, an ethanol and water infusion of clove solution was made. The chosen solvents infused in the clove plant differed greatly, according to this study. The findings demonstrated that ethanol as a solvent had the highest antioxidant activity through TPC and TFC (255.87 mg GAE/100 g DW and 149.15 mg QE/100 g DW, respectively), followed by aqueous solvent (201.53 mg GAE/100 g DW and 121.32 mg QE/100 g DW, respectively). However, in contrast to water infusion samples, ethanolic infusion demonstrated a greater scavenging effect. The ethanolic infusion samples had the highest antioxidant content (440.86 and 28643. mg TE/100 g DW (dry weight), according to both CUPPRIC and DPPH, and the extract's free radical scavenging ranged from 80% in ethanol to 67% in aqueous. Consuming whole cloves provides significant amounts of many essential nutrients for the human diet, including vitamins with high phenolic and flavonoid compound content (TPC, TFC) and antioxidant activity (CUPPRIC, DPPH), according to the antioxidant activities of various clove infusion solvents. In summary, antioxidants were quite noteworthy in the sequence of clove ethanolic solution > clove aqueous solution when all the measured parameters were taken into account.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ammar M. Ali
creator: Shatha M. Abbas
creator: Mansour K. Ali
creator: Mohammed Alaa Abdulzahra
creator: Nirmin Abidalreda
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-12-13
publication date: 2024-12-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 5

The Efficiency of Aluminum Alloy in Hydrogen Production
type: item
description: This study investigates the production of hydrogen gas through water electrolysis using low-cost aluminum electrodes. Aluminum is chosen for its abundance, low cost, and favorable electrochemical properties. The electrolysis process is carried out at varying voltages to monitor the volume of hydrogen gas produced, which is measured by the flow of current through the circuit. The anodic reaction involves the oxidation of aluminum, forming aluminum hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas, while the cathodic reaction facilitates the reduction of water. Results indicate that different voltages significantly influence the volume of hydrogen gas generated, providing valuable insights into optimizing the efficiency of hydrogen production using aluminum electrodes. This method presents a cost-effective and scalable approach for hydrogen generation, contributing to sustainable energy solutions
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Wael K. Shible
creator: Karrar Abd Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Chemical Interactions
date: 2024-06-26
publication date: 2024-06-26

Study of Diels-Alder Reactions between Furan and Diene Using Density Functional Theory
type: item
description: The Diels-Alder reaction of furan with substituted diene has been studied using density functional theory (DFT). The effect of substitution on the orbital energies of both the reactants involved in the reaction has been investigated. The mechanism of the reaction has been elucidated using molecular orbital theory, and the effect of substitution on the reaction energy has also been studied.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Karrar Abd Ali
creator: Ali K. Almansori
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Chemical Interactions
date: 2024-06-26
publication date: 2024-06-26

A Narrative Review on Environmental Chemistry
type: item
description: The branch of chemistry that is called environmental chemistry integrates various sciences and is a crucial element in solving urgent environmental problems. This abstract covers the main issues in environmental chemistry, including understanding why environmental chemistry is important, chemical principles, major environmental pollutants, available analytical techniques, environmental regulations and policies, cases of environmental incidents, and emerging trends that can be expected in the future. Knowing the the principles of environmental chemistry is a must for the authorities who would like to decrease the amounts of pollution, preserve the ecosystems, and ensure human health security. Principles of chemistry including chemical reactions, equilibrium and thermodynamics are the basis for environment processes like pollution, bioaccumulation and nutrient cycling. Pollutants of different types, including heavy metals, organic pollutants and greenhouse gases, are known to bring about a numerous of risks for environment and human health. Analytical techniques, like spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, play a major role in the identification and grading of environmental contaminants. Each method has unique features and constraints. The set of criterion and regulations at the local, national, and international levels significantly contribute to the preservation and improvement of the environment. Nevertheless, there are still loopholes and gaps in the rules and the regulations which are used yet it is very hard to enforce them. The case studies of an environmental disaster, like an oil spill or a chemical disaster, are very instructive, giving us a good picture of the environmental chemistry process and any lessons learned. Environmental chemistry tours the research frontiers these days in terms of nanotechnology, green chemistry, and environmental monitoring, which provide new sources of ideas in the fight against emerging pollutants and promote the …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Karrar Arab
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Chemical Interactions
date: 2024-06-26
publication date: 2024-06-26

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of Imidazole-Based Selone Complexes
type: item
description: Novel imidazole selone complexes under a super crowded environment are reported for the first time. The super bulky selone antimony complexes, were isolated from the reactions. The thermal property of these antimony selone complexes was also investigated. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are an on going work to understand the nature of orbitals and bonding situations. The unequal interaction between selenium and antimony obtained using Wiberg Bond Indices (WBIs) is fully consistent with the single-crystal X-ray studies on going work.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mohanad Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Chemical Interactions
date: 2024-06-26
publication date: 2024-06-26